Kinship, By Anthropologist Robin Fox - 1006 Words

Anthropologist Robin Fox states that ‘the study of kinship is to anthropology what logic is to philosophy or nude is to the art, it is the basic discipline to the subject’. A part of one’s identity comes from the understanding of where they were born and the environment in which they were brought up. These factors provide us with the identity and status of the person. The kin group provides us with sustenance and with social status, which can in turn eventually lead you to a career or a life direction. This knowledge is a form of social knowledge in that it forms a connection and a relationship with others. Kinship has an ordered and systematic approach in every human society. The term ‘kinship’ has been considered to be an area of study as well as the subject of study, of which both form a way of organising knowledge and a set of human relationships. It is one of the more complex systems of culture. Kinship allows individuals to construe their identity, based on real or putative family relations. It is a form that defines the social relationships that have come from the universal human experiences of mating, birth and nurturance. It contains the transmission from one generation to another, and the allocation of certain rights such as the type of occupation of the person, their area of residence, their rights of group membership or their inheritance of property. All human beings have kinship, through which are reflected to other individuals in all different societies.Show MoreRelatedChina s Lost Girls : Blended Family Essay2123 Words   |  9 Pagestaking courses in Chinese dance and language, insisting that she is very proud of her heritage. China’s Lost Girls Kinship In anthropology, kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of most humans in most societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated. Anthropologist Robin Fox states that â€Å"the study of kinship is the study of what man does with these basic facts of life – mating, gestation, parenthood, socialization, siblingship

The Applicability Of Marx And Marxian Theory Essay

Assessing The Applicability of Marx and Marxian Theory across the Economically Developed world of Europe, Japan, and America and the Relationship Between Capital, Labor, and Government across the Industrial Revolution, Depression, and Postwar Reconstruction. By: Charles â€Å"Jonah† Wendt The countries of France, United States, Japan and Germany all have a very diverse and unique history. However, one thing that undoubtably unites all of these great countries together is that they all engage in a capitalistic economic system. While there are many things that can be discussed about these various countries, in the scope of this class, in which we interrogate the ideas of Marx and Weber, one question can be had. The question is not whether these countries are capitalistic, but rather how applicable are the theories of Marx and Marxians to these specific countries. Marx’s opinion of capitalism can simply be reduced to one formula and theory, the Theory of Surplus Value. This formula is SV=PC-SW. Spelled out this means that surplus value equals the price of the commodity minus a subsistence wage. Marx believes that this theory serves as the foundation of economic structures. However, this one formula is not Marx’s entire theory. Marx continues his theory beyond this formula to discuss the interaction between the actors in society. Marx determines that there are three actors in society. These actors are government, capital, and workers. In his theory marx discusses how privateShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx, A Communist Philosopher And Visionary1989 Words   |  8 Pagesmeaningful options to achieve economic liberation. Enraged with the condition of their lives, Europe’s working class sought relief. The problems that burdened the industrial proletariat appeared to have spewed from a central source: capitalism. Karl Marx, a comm unist philosopher and visionary broadcast to Europe’s working class the only solution he deemed viable in resolving the economic imbalance within the society they lived in was, as Adam Schaff summarized, â€Å"[an overthrow of] the existing socialRead More Harbermas Theory on Social Labor and Communicative Action Essays3277 Words   |  14 PagesHarbermas Theory on Social Labor and Communicative Action ABSTRACT: In contemporary philosophy and social theory, Harbermass theory of communicative action stands indisputably for a modernity enlightened about itself and its potential. Yet, however much he professes his commitment to universalist ideals of inclusiveness and equality, his influential theory is also marked by disquieting statements on matters of gender. I argue that the problem of gender in Habermass theory can be traced toRead MoreThe Main Factors Of The Communist Manifesto1680 Words   |  7 Pages The conditions that Karl Marx deems necessary for a communist revolution have not manifested themselves in the present day, presenting challenges for communist ideology. As our society has gradually been regressing further away from these prerequisite conditions, a number of new factors have become present that challenge the relevance of the Communist Manifesto. The first of these factors to be addressed is globalization in the modern world. Ever since the age of imperialism, globalization has servedRead MoreLenin13422 Words   |  54 Pagesas the leader of the Russian SFSR from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Politically a Marxist, his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism, which coupled with Marxian economic theory have collectively come to be known as Marxism–Leninism. Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin gained an interest in revolutionary leftist politics following the execution of his brother in 1887. Briefly attending the Kazan

Two Methods of Weightloss Free Essays

Sarah M. Davies Rough Draft Com/155 Angela Robles 2-24-2013 The comparison of methods to lose weight In early 1999, over 61% of American adults were classified as overweight or obese. Since then, the rising rate of obesity in this country has continued to increase. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Methods of Weightloss or any similar topic only for you Order Now Obesity has been known to cause many health issues that could result in death. With the rising rate of obesity in Americans, the Surgeon General suggests a reduced calorie diet and cardio exercise to lose weight; however, many become victims of â€Å"easy† weight loss methods such as the â€Å"Hollywood diet†. The Surgeon General is a good source to find methods of weight loss and therefore suggests a reduced calorie diet and rigorous exercise to lost weight. â€Å"Approximately 300,000 deaths each year in the United States may be attributable to obesity. † The first question that arises when the subject of losing weight comes up is: â€Å"Can I still eat what I want? † The answer could possibly be yes if you follow the suggestions of the Surgeon General. When a person is determined to lose weight, they could follow this type of diet to lose weight efficiently. A reduced calorie diet helps weight loss by lowering food intake and allows for fewer calories for the body to process. Another question that has been asked would be: â€Å"Am I going to be getting enough nutrients when I reduce my calories? † These reduced calorie diets do not deprive the body of nutrients but rather adjust the amount of calories one takes in. This type of diet should also include a daily regimented portion of exercise. Exercise helps reduce the risk of heart disease and diabetes in those who are overweight or obese. The Surgeon General also tates â€Å"Overweight and obesity are associated with heart disease, certain types of cancer, type 2 diabetes, stroke, arthritis, breathing problems, and psychological disorders, such as depression. † The risk of all these health issues are drastically reduced when one begins exercise to lose weight. The Hollywood diet is a juice only diet that rids your body of chemicals and cleanses your system. However, it is b elieved by some scientists that the body is capable of ridding toxins from itself without the need for a fast, easy method such as this. The Hollywood diet drink is composed of mostly natural ingredients like water, fructose, pineapple, orange, prune, apple and white grape juices along with preserves and stabilizers. This diet reduces the caloric intake from the standard 2,000 calorie diet to that of only 400 calories per day. Instead of eating three to four square meals per day, the individual would be drinking this juice product four times per day along with water. Statistics show that 84% of people who have tried this diet enjoyed the results. The Hollywood diet can help increase energy, clears up skin and helps reduce constipation. There are also no red flag ingredients included in this drink that could cause issues with one’s health. Caffeine and ephedra are two ingredients that are not included in this drink. Unfortunately, since this diet is a vitamin and mineral fortified drink, it is only known to be a short term weight loss method and has no known long term results. Experts who have studied this product have stated â€Å"this type of diet can be misleading because an individual would be losing water weight and not fat. † Also, because this is a low calorie diet, it may not be optimal for certain individuals with health issues. In comparison, with a reduced calorie diet and exercise, the individual is provided with all essential vitamins and nutrients to aid in weight loss; but with the Hollywood diet, you are not. The Hollywood diet does not provide an individual with proteins or fats which are essentials to optimal health. If an individual were to follow the Surgeon General’s suggestion, they would be provided these two essentials, just in a smaller dosage. Protein is essential to a healthy diet and fats help the body to function properly. If a person were to be diabetic, the reduced calorie diet with exercise will help maintain blood sugar levels. Unfortunately, with the Hollywood diet, specifically states â€Å"This type of diet is not recommended for diabetics or those with health issues. † Since the Hollywood diet is a very low calorie diet, a person who tries this diet could suffer from intestinal cramping, gallstones and cardiovascular problems. Therefore it is not recommended by the Surgeon General to try this type of diet for â€Å"rapid† weight loss. In conclusion, for optimal results with no underlying health risks, it is best to follow the Surgeon Generals suggestion of a reduced calorie diet and healthy exercise. When an individual follows this diet there is a drastically reduced risk of contracting cardiovascular issues, high blood pressure, and helps aid in losing weight the proper way. The Hollywood diet is a good diet for quick and easy weight loss. Unfortunately, there are certain risks with this diet, especially for those that have diabetes. The main concerns are the fact that with this diet, individuals are only losing water weight and not fat. The name of Hollywood diet allows the user to think of the stars and famous, but with the risk of cardiovascular issues and high blood pressure, there is no stardom inherited. It is imperative to control the rise of obesity and by following the Surgeon Generals suggestion. The body is very important to keep in good health. To quote Henry Ward Beecher: â€Å"The body is like a piano, and happiness is like music. It is needful to have the instrument in good order. † References: http://www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/calls/obesity/fact_whatcanyoudo. html http://www. faddiet. com/hollywooddiet. html http://www. dietsinreview. com/diets/Hollywood_Miracle_Diet/ www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/calls/obesity How to cite Two Methods of Weightloss, Essay examples

Business and Strategy of Hubbard-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business And Strategy of Hubbards Food Ltd. Answer: Introduction Breakfast cereals and food products are important component in Fast Moving Consumer Goods industry reflecting greater demand basket of core population. Manufacturing of food products in scientific method and deliverance ensure quality and quantity to serve mass with the core necessity of life (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). Discussion is presented in report format on how the company, Hubbards Food Ltd. came into existence and thrived sustainably over years. Discussion And Anlysis Of Growth Hubbards Food Ltd. is an eminent brand for manufacturing of breakfast cereals in New Zealand. Specifically Auckland based, the company started off the remarkable journey of food supply business in the year of 1988 with the name Winner Foods founded by Dick Hubbard. Within 20 years of inception, the company managed a turnover of NZ$38 million with third highest market place after the brands like Sanitariums and Kelloggs. The products of the company solely concentrate in ready to eat breakfast cereal items. Popular items among consumers include Fruitful Lite, Berry berry Nice, Berry Berry Lite, Amazing Muesli and Light Right available in range of flavours (Rosenbaum-Elliott Percy and Pervan 2015). The manufacturing process has conferred employment to 128 people by the end of 2008 (James 2015). The founder, the long term work experience of Dick Hubbard who started as food technologist at a tropical fruit factory on a Pacific island and later as general manager of local food manufacture r encouraged him for the start up in food industry generally aimed to produce bulk of cereals for supermarket sale. The initial years till 1992 financial hardship has been part and parcel and the destiny took turn with introduction of muesli that helped the company gain much popularity with huge amount of sale at supermarkets. From 1993 the growth of the company was visible in form of the outlet expansion and stuff recruitments to assist the business. The expanding demand created impetus to set up new factory at Mangere, Auckland. In the year 2001, the company had board of directors to consider and deal with the interests of stakeholders. The production strategy that was undertaken by Hubbards was focused on technology mostly operated by human than totally depending on machineries (Armstrong et al. 2014). The morale behind such decision was to perform social responsibility towards local people creating and encouraging employment. Business Environment And Impact From the very beginning the company faced challenges mostly financial and problems of brand recognition among the already established brands taking over the chunk of market share. The products having the root in fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry encountered much of local as well as global threats from the advent of 2000. The structure of FMCG market in New Zealand is highly erratic and competitive within the sub domain of breakfast cereal markets having low margins that is offset by prodigious supply chain. Moreover the taste and preference of consumers differ based on seasonality which predicts demands to be high by 10% in summer than in winter. Moreover the existence of rival brands like Kelloggs, Sanitarium and Uncle Tobys who also acquires top position in market creates much more market competition for Hubbards. Sanitarium is New Zealand based company having existence of 100 years so far (Hinton and Hamilton 2013). Their products include cornflake, weet-bix which have st rong focus on philosophies of healthy living and vegetarianism that enable it to capture huge market share both in cereals bar market as well as breakfast-in-drink market. Sanitarium and Hubbards almost have same production inputs that can be used as perfect substitute of each other in cases of emergency or shocks in availability that further creates a competitive atmosphere between the entities. Other two brands have their roots in Australia. Kelloggs originated in 1920 and has large market power in both Australia and New Zealand where it gives competition to popular brands like Coco Pops, Special K and Nutri-Grain. Uncle Tobys on the other hand specializes more on breakfast cereals and some the products like Vita Brits; Fruity Bites have greater influence in cereal bar market (Devi et al. 2014). The company now offers 12 kinds of different toasted muesli once started only with simple oat bran muesli. Other than muesli, product lines include bran flakes and oats cereals. The products are gluten free, includes flavour of fruits that are grown both in New Zealand and tropical countries. The brand provides manufacturing and supply to few super market pri vate brands that offers rice puffs and cornflakes at low price and such is excluded from their competition scale. The maintenance of quality along with variety in list of items that Hubbards produce, help the brand gain consistent differentiation in the products compared to the established competitors. This further consolidated the brand among consumers creating popularity and brand faith. Business Strategy To survive and sustain, Hubbards continued the core strategy of providing higher quality of goods without any compromise along with promoting and maintaining corporate social responsibilities. Dick Hubbard initiated New Zealand Business for Social Responsibility (NZBSR) in the year 1998 which is one of the founding members of New Zealand Business Council for Sustainable Development (NZBCSD). The company focused on evoking sustenance of mind, body soul among the people associated with the brand. It successfully conducted campaigns that call for waste management and eradication enlightening both employees and consumers as whole. It involves in recycling of papers, aluminium and plastic containers, plastic wraps, cardboards toner cartridges and so on.. Another remarkable strategy adopted by the brand is vast base of shareholders that include employees, customers and wider community along with various financial investors. The authority keeps the shareholders base intact as well as growin g by sharing the profits among them and also local schools, non profit organisation and community organizations. The informal communication atmosphere within employees and between management and employee prevents collision and conflictions of perception (Kumar and Reinartz 2012). This consolidated and growing faith upon the brand can further be taken into new level in form of higher growth and expansion of the business if the company adopts diversification of the products line it currently has (Grunert and Traill 2012). The popularity it has already earned by providing quality in breakfast cereals can now be channelized into creating new business in the market. It can introduce various other FMCG food items like dried fruits, fruit juice, bakery and confectionary products, biscuit, cookies and chocolates (Thain and Bradley 2014). SWOT Anaysis SWOT analysis describes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to assess the business as a whole. Thus, the SWOT analysis of Hubbard is as follows:- Strengths- The product highly delivers brand recognition and its innate quality provides it some greatest advantage. Based on the benefits of the cereals they sell their strength is its nutritional value. Weaknesses- As we know in these types of food related companies any strength can be its biggest weakness. However, its main weaknesses are those areas of the product that the company need to address properly and work on that part to get it eliminated as soon as possible. Thus, with the growing competitions and different tasty cereals in the market, Hubbard should come up with more tasty and variety of cereals. Opportunities- Change in consumers preferences can be its weaknesses. They must keep a tract that how customers are consuming their products. The competitors weakness also adds as an opportunity in these kinds of businesses. Threats- The external markets are its biggest threats that can possibly harm the demand of the product of this company. The change in the preferences of the customers, the growing strengths of the competitors and chance in the economy can all be threats to this business. PESTEL Anaysis PESTEL analysis is used to analyse the external marketing environment that has an impact on the organization. However, P denotes the political, E denotes economic, S for social, T for technological, E for environmental and lastly, L for legal factors affecting the business. Thus, the PESTEL analysis of Hubbard is as follows Political factors- Political factors are basically those were the influences on the business. Therefore for this particular industry- Free trade arrangement The standards of the labours in the developing countries Regulations on the organic and genetically modified organisms (GMO) food Economic factors- Stability of the economic condition of the country Higher rate of employment The increasing cost of labours in the counties those are developing Social factors- The growing emphasis on the healthy lifestyles of the population in New Zealand Expansion of cultural diversity in the country Enlarging gap in wealth among the people Technological factors- There is an expansion in the automation in this business With the growing time there is an increase in the usage of the mobile technology An invention of GMOs Environmental factors- Global warming or any changes in the climate Waste disposal More emphasis on the business sustainability Legal factors- Environmental protection law Antitrust law Insufficient laws of labour. Conclusion Tracking the timeline of Hubbards existence it is evident that the company underwent different stages in the business life cycle through past 29 years. The company has been able to achieve huge market share in the breakfast cereal market even amidst the presence of numerous competitors due to the adopted business strategies combined with philosophies catering to social responsibilities References Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014.Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. De Mooij, M., 2013.Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Devi, A., Eyles, H., Rayner, M., Mhurchu, C.N., Swinburn, B., Lonsdale-Cooper, E. and Vandevijvere, S., 2014. Nutritional quality, labelling and promotion of breakfast cereals on the New Zealand market.Appetite,81, pp.253-260. Grunert, K.G. and Traill, B., 2012.Products and process innovation in the food industry. Springer Science Business Media. Hinton, M. and Hamilton, R.T., 2013. Characterizing high-growth firms in New Zealand.The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,14(1), pp.39-48. Hjort, K., Lantz, B., Ericsson, D. and Gattorna, J., 2013. Customer segmentation based on buying and returning behaviour.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,43(10), pp.852-865. James, C., 2015.New Territory: The Transformation of New Zealand, 198492. Bridget Williams Books. Kumar, V. and Reinartz, W., 2012.Customer relationship management: Concept, strategy, and tools. Springer Science Business Media. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Percy, L. and Pervan, S., 2015.Strategic brand management. Oxford University Press, USA. Thain, G. and Bradley, J., 2014.FMCG: The power of fast-moving consumer goods. First Edition Design Pub.. West, D.C., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press.

Ban the Cancer Sticks essays

Ban the Cancer Sticks essays Cancer, emphysema, asthma... death. What are all of those tragic health conditions associated with? No, not merely old age or even sucking on the exhaust pipe of a Buick, though the latters not too far from the truth. The horrific reality is that everyday, everywhere in this country, people are lighting up cancer sticks. Cigarettes, as they are more generally called, are poisoning the nation with every wheeze-filled puff that anyone draws in and exhales. Smoking cigarettes is one of this nations worst evils, yet is more acceptable than many less hazardous substances that are considered illegal. Cigarettes should be banned entirely from the United States because they kill not only the populace that smokes them, but innocent bystanders as well, are more addictive than marijuana or painkillers, and are produced and distributed by an industry that gains profit from millions of their customers deaths. Second-hand smoke warnings swarm all aspects of the media in todays society, and with good reason. Anyone that believes they cannot be affected by smokers habits is tragically mistaken. So maybe a guy standing at a crosswalk doesnt mind the fact that hes poisoning himself, but the mother waiting behind him walking her eight-year-old son to school certainly does. They both are inhaling the toxins spewing from that Marlboro 100, and probably dont like it. Okay smoker, its alright to kill yourself, but not others. Also, anyone with asthma or emphysema can have their illnesses worsened; second-hand smoke is even more perilous to them. People on the street or in the same room may be able to walk away from the smoky clouds, but what about those that cant? Kids, infants, and even unborn children may be getting sick just from second-hand smoke in the next room, causing innumerable health risks. In fact, After the first month of life, infants of parents who smoke have hi...

Star Wars Darth Vader Comics Facts

Star Wars Darth Vader Comics Facts 10 Facts From Darth Vader Comics After Star Wars expanded universe was removed from canon, the Darth Vader comic succeeded in bridging the gap. However, the aim of Darth Vader was to humanize the classic villain which was illustrated multiple Darth Vaders quests. The circulation was eye-popping with the characters presented in an absolutely new light and the establishment of a new canon which differs from what we see on the screen. Some Insights into the Major Changes Which Are Now Officially Regarded as Canon Creating His Lightsaber It goes without saying that Darth Vader is widely distinguished by his red lightsaber. Up to this time, fans could only make speculation about the origin of the sword. However, it has been recently elaborated in the comics. Since Legends erased much of the expanded universe from canon, the comics provide new elucidation of the rationale behind the red color. Upon his transposition in his signature armor, Vader was entrusted with finding a lightsaber. Emperor Palpatine makes it clear to Vader that a Sith lord gains his lightsaber by vanquishing a Jedi in battle. Having found a Jedi who pulled through Order 66, Vader does away with him and gains his weapon. However, everything is not that white and black as it seems. Palpatine divulges to Vader that a Sith lightsaber was turned red by putting all of the wielders fury into the Kyber Crystal. The secret of Vader’s lightsaber takes an even more frightening and unexpected course when it becomes patent that the Kyber Crystal struggles against this process. After giving an insight his last chance to get back to the light side, Vader gains the crystal and the blade turns red. Hunting Down Jedi While creating his lightsaber, we observe another piece of evidence of Darth Vader expanding into canon that had only been alluded to. In the comics, we can observe multiple happenstances in the expanded universe except for the scene of Vader hunt down surviving Jedi. In an attempt to find a Jedi to gain their lightsaber, Vader finds out about the existence of Jedi named Kirak Infil’a. Kirak had made an oath not to meddle into anything but the force and pulled through the eradication of the other Jedi. Hunting him down being armed with the sole force, we observe the moment of Vader striving to wipe out the Jedi order. Vader’s Weak Points Although the Anakins weak sides in the prequel trilogy are quite patent, after the transformation into Darth Vader, he becomes an irresistible menace. The comics have shed light on a new vulnerable side to Vader that we could not spot in the original trilogy. While hunting down Kirak Infil’a, Vader sustained a defeat at first. It was a pivotal moment since it was instrumental in humanizing Darth Vader. It proved that he is able to be defeated, and we observe a genuine struggle on his path to turn into the Vader that we all know and fear from the original trilogy. Remembering The Past There was one more occurrence in the comics that was fundamental in humanizing the Darth Vader. In  Darth Vader  #20, the situation revolves around Vader who is rebuked by Emperor Palpatine. The latter adopts an extreme method to make him become his apprentice. Palpatine took him to the Naboo Royal Starship which transported Padmà © and the Jedi to his home planet of Tatooine. Vader responds to this blast from his past quite vehemently, destroying a droid that is meant to repair the ship. This moment is suggestive of the fact that Vader still feels strongly about his previous life. Tested By The Emperor The initial aim of the new Darth Vader comics was not only to give insights into Vader himself but also his interaction with the Emperor. In the previous comics, we get an impression that Vader is more of a servant to the Emperor than an Apprentice, but in the new series of comics, we just have a splendid opportunity to see that it is in fact true. Vader is dismissed and maltreated by Palpatine in ways that are indicative of him being a lapdog to the Sith Lord. While it enables us to understand their relationship in a broader sense, it also serves as a rationale behind his betrayal of his master. Vader’s Castle On Mustafar While Darth Vader in the extended universe has been clearly linked with mythology, the comics provided a brand-new story about the origin of Vader’s castle on Mustafar. Vader stumbles across a mask with the ghost of a Sith Lord called Momin. He is endowed with the ability to communicate with the ghost which enables them to design some plans for the castle. According to Momin, the castle is constructed like a giant tuning fork enabling him to get through to the dark side of the force. Momin enchants Vader by promising that it will enable him to go through the veil of death and reunite with Padmà ©. Vader adheres to the instructions which give rise to some intriguing developments and the establishment of his iconic castle. The Start Of The Rebellion While Darth Vader  revolves around the titular character, the comic also unveils some essential secrets about the surrounding world, particularly the start of the rebellion. Vader appears to be enraged at how the Rebellion has mounted, and we can see what sparks off the opposition of the Empire. The comic perfectly succeeds in depicting the deplorable situation of the Rebels following the collapse of the Jedi Order and provides the back-story which is linked to the original trilogy. Force Limitations Darth Vader was quite effusive in using the force. In the previous trilogy, we observe the reach of his power and just how frightening he can be. However, in the comics, Vader’s use of the force is limited. While fighting back against Grand Moff Tarkin, the only weapon Vader uses after Tarkin takes away his lightsaber is force. Tarklin then sacrifices some men to come to know how far Vader can go using this force. Eventually, we see that Vader is not that potent in terms of using his force powers. Noooooo In the first run of Darth Vader, we can observe a subtle but positive change from previous prequels. One of the most hateful moments from Revenge of the Sith is the process of transforming from Anakin to Vader followed by a long-winded â€Å"NOOOOOOOOO.† In  Darth Vader #1, we still observe this moment but with a text bubble just reading â€Å"NO.† Anakin’s Father The revelation of Anakin’s father identity seems to be the most eye-popping turn in the Darth Vader Comics. In the prequels, it was said â€Å"there was no father† and people just concluded that he was the child of the force. In the comics, we see a brand-new explanation. Vader envisions Emperor Palpatine manipulating Anakin’s mother’s womb which gave rise to the imbalance in the force and led to him coming into this world.

Alexander the Great Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Alexander the Great - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that prior to conquering the entire known world, Alexander made sure that his seized all the power in Macedonia and Greece. So, having performed that, this great general led his army to Asia Minor, then Palestine and eventually Egypt. One should keep in mind that at that time Egypt was under the rule of Persians; that is why it was them who fought against Alexander, not the Egyptians. The latter, in fact, did not show any resistance to him, greeting him as a liberator rather than an oppressor. Indeed, there were several battles that Alexander won before entering Egypt. Thus, after the battle of Issus, attacking Tyre and conquering Gaza, his military supremacy was evident. In Egypt he did not introduce any significant change; quite the opposite, he claimed that he was the son of Zeus and Ammon and agreed to be treated as a divine ruler, according to the Egyptian traditions.As the discussion stresses  Persian Empire was the strongest power in the region in question. It emerged much before Alexander and was generally regarded as the dominant player. However, it could not match the military power of the Macedonian general. Battle after battle the Persian king Darius fled the battlefield, leaving his soldiers alone.  It is quite obvious that after Alexander was able to conquer the capital, the military men did not support Darius who was constantly running away from his opponent and killed him.

MKTG 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MKTG 3000 - Essay Example The public who attracted towards this ad will take more time in analyzing the features of this advertisement. The theme of this ad is that the two pieces of Bounty chocolate available in the chocolate packet displayed in the picture are not mere chocolates, but â€Å"Two pieces of paradiseâ€Å" just like the two thighs of the female model represented in the advertisement. The ad tried to keep consistency in its theme as the model has wore only two pieces of dress and the entire picture consists consist of only two other objects; a coconut tree and a beach. The coconut tree moving in the wind and the beach at the backdrop are giving more pleasant feelings to the viewers of this advertisement. This advertisement ask the readers to enjoy the taste of the Bounty chocolate just like they are enjoying the thighs of the female model presented in the advertisement. The above advertisement clearly shows that how fierce is the competition in the food market. The advertisers are not taking any ethical means while preparing their advertisements. Their intention is only to catch the attention of the public and for that purpose they are ready to go up to any extent. I don’t think the above advertisement may succeed in increasing the sales of the Bounty chocolate beyond certain limits. Current consumers are more aware of the quality of the goods they are purchasing rather than the attractiveness of the advertisement. At the same time, because of the variety displayed, the above advertisement may catch the attention of the teenagers. The intention of the advertiser might be the same also. The intrusion of television and internet like medias decreased the demand of magazine and journal like print medias. People are spending less time for reading printed articles nowadays and therefore printed ads are not reaching the eyes of the public adequately. If the printed ads are not much good in catching the attention of

Strategy for Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategy for Sustainability - Essay Example Identified Area for Improvement 14 5. Conclusion 16 6. References 17 1. Overview of the Paper and Briefing of the Selected Company The research paper is concerned with the presentation of materialistic evaluation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) of such a company that produces the particular report on the web. The objectives of the research paper will be fulfilled with reference to FirstGroup Plc. FirstGroup Plc is one of the top global operators of the transport services earning revenue of more than 6 billion pounds. The company began its operations in the north eastern part of Scotland twenty years ago. Along the UK and North America, FirstGroup is concerned with providing transport services to around 2.5 billion passengers per year. In these region, the total number of employees of the company stands at 125,000. FirstGroup operates with a collection of around 8,000 buses travelling in above 40 main cities and towns in the UK and North America. In Greyhound UK, the company also operates through the provision of regular services along London, Southampton and Portsmouth. FirstGroup proclaims itself to be the most popular transport service provider operating with complete safety, reliability, innovation and sustainable services. The company also presumes to be providing service with the mode of local approach but its presence can be experienced within the global environment (FirstGroup Plc, 2011). 2. Critical Evaluation of the Content of FirstGroup Plc CSR Report 2011 The contents that are included within the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) report of a company are, to a considerable extent, dependent upon the size of the company and also upon the particular sector in which the company operates. These are also dependent upon the legal position of the particular company along with the market position held (Hurst, 2004). Notably, these facts can also be considered as obstacles to the CSR reporting activities executed by organizations (O’Rourke, 2004). It is for this reason that the larger companies operating with at least 250 workers are more likely to be conversant with the concept of CSR than the middle companies with not more than 250 workers (European Working Conditions Observatory, 2009). However, considering several aspects of each and every company, it can be inferred that importantly, the most essential environmental and social issues are definitely required to be included in the CSR reports of the companies (Corporatewatch, 2006). Comparing the completeness of the CSR report of FirstGroup of the year 2011, it is noteworthy to mention that the report is consisted of adequate social and environmental issues. In this section of the research paper, the issues will be critically evaluated in order to measure the effectiveness of the company’s report. The report has been started with the message from the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Tim O’Toole. This is a justifiable beginning because the trustworthy mess age from the most important stakeholder of the company generate creates belief among the other stakeholders. However, messages from other important stakeholders could have also been added for enhancing the value of the Chief Executive’s proclamation. In the following section of the report, a brief introduction to the company has been provided briefing certain fundamental facts like that of revenue, number of employees, company’s spending on goods and services, transporting figures and costs of the employees. It is credible that the company has chosen to highlight these good facts that have strong implication towards

Motivations of an arsonist

Motivations of an arsonist Arsonist Arsonist is a person who sets anything on fire intentionally. This intentional act is called the arson. Generally a home or another type of structure has been targeted by the Arsonist. Arson is committed for a number of reasons, and the crime is strictly punished throughout the world because arsonist sets property and lives at risk. In certain parts of the globe, if somebody expires in an arson fire, it is deemed to be a murder, instead of neglectful homicide or manslaughter because arsonist is considered such a reprehensible criminal. In all cases, an arsonist holds a prison term. (Holmes Holmes, 2008, pp. 3) In the majority of states, arson has been extended to comprise burning arrangements in addition to dwellings, burning the own assets for unlawful purposes, and destruction caused by an explosion or a fire. Currently if someone arson his/her house to avail the insurance benefits because the amount of insurance is higher than the actual real value of property that would be linked to arsonist (Stewart, 2006, 15-16). Other motives for arsonist would be to bomb or burn a religious place in a hate crime, or burn the property in vengeance for a denial to sell it. If an arsonist burns down his building as a figure of cheap destruction and unintentionally sets half the neighborhood on fire that may or maybe not an arsonist, depending on the legislation of the state. Fire by an arsonist includes the induction of a heat source that can be as unadorned as a match or as compound like dangerous chemicals with very low explosion temperatures. By the rule of legislation a fire is thought to be an arson fire when all other unintended causes have not been met. We can say that reason of a fire was arson and consequently intentional, the detective must have adequate proof the one of the issues in the arson triangle was interfered with. Motives for Arson The motives of that motivate arsonist vary from situation to situation and much research has been established to determine the motives of arsonists, which has allowed the Neighborhood Fire Team, to compile a list of ten broad groups of motives, drawn from current study and from the experience of group members. Such motives contain: Vandalism: This group covers intentional and willful fire setting that is just for the sake of it (Stewart, 2006, 18). It also contains fire setting due to dare and colleague group pressure. Vandalism motivated arson is usually spontaneous and impulsive and engages manifold executors. Schools are often the target of vandalism motivated arson, as are abandoned or empty properties and, in the experience of this project, abandoned vehicles. Unfriendly behavior fires are also often motivated by vandalism. Curiosity/ Fire Play: This group is usually utilized when the fire has been set by young kids who do not realize the hazards of fire and were playing with, for instance, discarded cigarette lighter or matches. The people concerned are generally taken onto the fire setters intersession program. Excitement: This group contains those who set fires for thrills, attention seeking, identification and sexual perversion. It can be seen already that none of these groups are clear-cut and one may lead to another: for instance vandalism may lead to the arsonist setting fires for the thrill of it; and childhood fire play may lead to setting fires intentionally for the amount of concentration it generates from adults. Revenge: This group contains fires set for individual retaliation (against a spouse, partner or other family member); retaliation against regime or other institutions: and fires which are set as retribution against rival gangs or groups or in order to intimidate. In fact, much arson has a component of retaliation (aware or unaware) as part of the motive. Arsons of this category are often much greater planned and carried out than other types, and may be one-off events. Crime-concealment: This is used to explain arson fires which are set in order to hide another offense or vital proof. For instance, a room that a murder had taken place might be fired by the executors in order to destroy the body and destroy the crime scene. Stolen vehicles are often set alight after being abandoned in order to try and destroy any forensic proof. (Schulz, 2007, pp. 55) Profit: This type contains insurance fraud and arson executed against a competitor to try to put them out of business. Extremist: This type contains arson perpetrated by terrorists or other extremists (animal rights activists) and also arson which happens during or as part of disturbances or other civil riot. Racial: This type is fairly self-explanatory and covers all fires which are set for reasons of ethnic tension or intolerance. Psychological illness: Neighborhood Fire Team employees have attended many incidents, both within housing units and in the wider society, where fire setting has been due to psychological illness. Serial Arson: This is where one person working alone sets a series of fires, often over a long period of time. Serial arsonists may have one or more of the other causes also involving to their fire setting behavior. (Pawson, 2006, pp. 91) Although the causes for arson are sometimes difficult, the law is generally crystal clear: anybody who intentionally sets fire to something will be punished for it. In some areas, a fire that is caused by great negligence or disregard will also be classified as arson. The punishment for committing arson depends on the degree of the offense: how much property was damaged the total cost of the damages, and whether or not people were trapped in the fire. The intent also performs a role: whether the fire was set to defraud an insurance agency, cover up an offense, was part of a retaliation offense, or was intended to amuse or entertain the arsonist, for instance. Most parts of the world have arson researchers, who examine the sites of suspicious fires to decide the cause of the fire and whether or not it was arson. This job can sometimes be quite complex, particularly when proof is obscured by the efforts of those attempting to put out or clean up the fire. Arson examiners use a range of methods to inspect the sites of fires containing chemical analysis of proof, the use of sniffer dogs, and simple powers of surveillance. References Holmes, Ronald M. Holmes, Stephen T. (2008). Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool. New York: Sage Publications, pp. 1-5. Stewart, Gail. (2006). Crime Scene Investigations Arson. New York: Lucent Books, pp. 15-25. Pawson, Stuart. (2006). Some by Fire. Washington: Allison Busby, 92. Schulz, Karen K. (2007). Crime Scene Detective: Arson. New York: Prufrock Press, Inc, pp. 54-60.

Angola Essays -- essays research papers

In past centuries, Angola was among the areas most-devastated by the slave trade. In recent decades, it has been afflicted with wars. However, in both eras, much of the violence was driven by powerful external forces. This is because Angola, with an abundance of oil and other resources, could develop into a very prosperous country if led and controlled by the right power. In 1975 Angola was released from colonialism by Portugal. This pivotal event in history sparked the beginning of a massive conflict between many of the key players in world power. These key players included the United States, Cuba, China, and the Soviet Union.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After reading three separate accounts of the crisis in Angola (U.S. Senate hearings led by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, a personal memoir by 1975 Assistant Secretary of State Nathaniel Davis, and a biography entitled In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story by John Stockwell), I have come to several conclusions. Although these three men all held important positions in the U.S. government, multiple contradictions exist in their chronologies of events. Of the discrepancies I found, all of them put Stockwell in opposition with Kissinger and Davis. I believe this is due to his position in the Central Intelligence Agency, where the greater availability of information was his advantage. Moreover, since all three accounts agree that the U.S. involvement was essentially a covert operation led by the CIA, I feel the account written by Stockwell was the most valid of the three.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When looking at the differences in chronologies, it is necessary to start from the beginning of the conflict. The first difference I found dealt with CIA involvement in Angola. Stockwell, â€Å"an experienced, senior CIA case officer† (Stockwell, 31), marked early July 1974 as the start of CIA support.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In July 1974 the CIA began funding Roberto without 40 committee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  approval, small amounts at first, but enough for word to get around   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  that the CIA was dealing itself into the race...During the fall of 1974   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the CIA continued to fund Roberto, still without 40 committee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  approval... (Stockwell, 67). However, Davis describes that covert support did not begin until ... ...ola.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In terms of Henry Kissinger, I believe that his knowledge of covert activity was underestimated. However, his immense focus on the Soviet Union throughout his entire account precluded such information.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With any event of such historical significance you are going to have many different opinions about the order of its events, especially when the event concerns a number of world powers. In this case, all three accounts supplied factual information. However, the explanations of Davis and Kissinger did not account for classified information. Stockwell was at an advantageous position to view the Angola crisis unencumbered. He was a member of the CIA and knew the interworkings of its plan, and for this reason I see his account as the most substantial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Bail Application Larceny

This matter is an application for conditional bail your honour. Mrs. Ayoub is a 51 year old divorced woman that lives on her own and has been charged with larceny under section 117, common assault under section 61 and resisting arrest, under section 58 of the Crimes Act 1900. Your honour, I submit my client has neither presumption in favour or against bail as she doesn’t fall under sections 8 to 9. Therefore Mrs. Ayoub has no presumption for bail however, under section 13 of the Bail Act, my client is still eligible for bail despite having no entitlement, therefore I plead for bail to be considered granted to my client.Has your honour been made aware of the facts of the case? * The alleged incident took place after a substantial amount of alcohol had been consumed, putting my client in a different state of mind. * It was not Mrs. Ayoub’s intention to steal the radio as she placed it in her shopping bag and was then distracted by a conversation. She then walked out of My er forgetting to pay for the radio which is when she was confronted by the security guard causing her to panic and push him away. * As a result of this, police arrived and Mrs. Ayoub was in a state of distress and the police struggled to escort her to the police vehicle till she calmed down.Your honour, the criteria to be considered in Mrs. Ayoub’s case regarding section 32 1) a) states â€Å"the probability of whether or not the person will appear in  court  in respect of the  offence  for which  bail  is being considered, having regard only to†: Subsection i. â€Å"the person’s background and community ties, as indicated by the history and details of the person’s residence,  employment  and family situations and the person’s prior criminal record† Your honour, my client was left by her husband many years ago and as a fifty one year old woman, resulted in psychological distress leading her to psychiatric help while he lives in America.She has no sureties or property as her only form of income is her pension cheque. She has no other immediate family in Sydney and resides at a unit in Parramatta but my client’s daughter keeps in contact with her mother and is willing to let Mrs. Ayoub reside with her in Melbourne. Due to this arrangement, my client will not breach such ties with her daughter by not appearing in court on set dates as it could strain the relationship with both parties. My client does have a criminal history over twenty years with ninety convictions of arceny, mainly shoplifting, however, none of the convictions consisted of assault or resisting arrest. Section 32 1) a) subsection ii. states â€Å"any previous failure to appear in  court  pursuant to a  bail undertaking  or pursuant to a recognizance of  bail  entered into before the commencement of this section† Your honour, my client has never failed to appear in court even though she has a medical certificate fr om her previous psychiatrist stating that she had a nervous breakdown when her husband left her.Section 32 1) a) subsection ii. reads â€Å"the circumstances of the  offence  (including its nature and seriousness), the strength of the evidence against the person and the severity of the penalty or probable penalty† Your honour, my client’s offence of assault and resisting arrest were as a result of the alleged larceny as she had no intention to steal the radio, there is no evidence to prove that my client’s intention was to permanently deprive the owner of that property.The mental element of committing the crime is not present as my client was in severe distress when she had forgotten that it was still in her bag. Mrs. Ayoub was taken by surprise when the guard approached her and didn’t intend any harm towards him when she pushed him away as she panicked. When the police arrived, she struggled as they escorted her but didn’t try to resist, preve nt or oppose her arrest as she only just struggled till they calmed her down.Under these circumstances, my client was misunderstood as she was in a different state of mind and doesn’t deserve the severity of these punishments including larceny under section 117 carrying a maximum sentence of five years imprisonment, common assault under section 61 carrying a maximum of sentence of two years imprisonment and resisting arrest, under section 58 carrying a maximum sentence of five years imprisonment.Section 32 1) b) reads the interest of the person having regard only to: Subsection iv) â€Å"whether or not the person is, in the opinion of the  authorised officer  or  court, incapacitated by intoxication, injury or use of a drug or is otherwise in danger of physical injury or in need of physical protection† Your honour, my client has an ongoing problem with alcohol leading to intoxication which may lead to making unsound judgements/decisions and for this reason may ne ed professional help or counselling regarding her alcohol problem as her addiction may get worse if it is not treated properly.Section 32 1) b1) subsection i) states the protection of â€Å"any person against whom it is alleged that the offence concerned was committed† In regards to the protection of the security guard, my client has no intention to harm him or any intention to revisit that store as she is willing to move to Melbourne to live with her daughter.Section 32 1) c) subsection iv) reads â€Å"the protection and welfare of the community, having regard only to whether or not it is likely that the person will commit any serious  offence  while at liberty on  bail, but the  authorised officer  or  court  may have regard to this likelihood† Your honour, my client’s history of larceny may be an issue but to stop my client from reoffending, her daughter is willing to let my client live with her which will influence her to the good as she wonâ⠂¬â„¢t put strain on the relationship she has with her only family.As this is an application for conditional bail, under bail conditions section 36 2) a) one or more of the following conditions only may be imposed on the grant of  bail; that the accused person  enter  into an agreement to observe specified requirements as to his or her conduct while at liberty on  bail, other than financial requirements. Your honour, my client is willing to enter an agreement concerning residing at a specific premises and entering a rehabilitation program for her alcohol abuse which will prevent my client from panicking in certain situations causing her to cause harm to others.Section 36 2) a1) states  that the accused person enter into an agreement to reside, while at liberty on  bail, in accommodation for persons on  bail. As mentioned before, my client has agreed to reside with her daughter at 12 Brown Road, Brownfield 3425 in Melbourne. Living with her daughter will influence my cl ient to obey the laws and prevent her from shoplifting which may have a positive impact on her life. This way, Mrs.Ayoub’s pension cheque won’t be her only form of income as her daughter will provide for my client which will minimize the chances of my client wanting to shoplift. My client agrees to appear in court when needed and will sign in at an assigned police station if granted bail. Section 36 2) b) states â€Å"that one or  more than one  acceptable person (other than the accused person) acknowledge that he or she is acquainted with the accused person and that he or she regards the accused person as a responsible person who is likely to comply with his or her  bail undertaking. Your honour my client’s daughter has acknowledged her mother as a responsible person as she wouldn’t be willing to let her stay if she wasn’t likely to comply with her bail conditions. To conclude my submissions, I would like your honour to take into considerat ion the misunderstanding of the three offences as my client expresses great remorse and is embarrassed that her intoxication led to this stage. If your honour has no further questions, that concludes my submission.

Abraham Darby and the Iron Revolution

Abraham Darby and the Iron Revolution Englishmen Abraham Darby  (1678 - 1717) invented coke smelting in 1709 and, advanced the mass production of brass and iron goods. Coke smelting replaced charcoal with coal in metal foundries during the process of refining metals; this was important to Britains future since charcoal at that time was becoming scarce and was more expensive. Sand Casting Abraham Darby scientifically studied brass production and was able to make advances in that industry that turned Great Britain into an important brass goods exporter. Darby founded the worlds first metallurgy laboratory at his Baptist Mills Brass Works factory, where he refined brass making. He developed the process of sand molding that allowed iron and brass goods to be mass produced at a lower cost per unit. Before Abraham Darby, brass and iron goods had to be individually cast. His process made the production of cast iron and brass goods a continuous process. Darby received a patent for his sand casting in 1708. Greater Detail Darby combined the existing technologies of casting iron with casting brass that produced goods of a greater intricacy, thinness, smoothness, and detail. This proved important to the steam engine industry that came later, Darbys casting methods made the production of the iron and brass steam engines possible. The Darby Lineage Decedents of Abraham Darby also made contributions to the iron industry. Darbys son Abraham Darby II (1711- 1763) improved the quality of coke smelted pig iron for forging into wrought iron. Darbys grandson Abraham Darby III (1750 - 1791) constructed the worlds first iron bridge, over the Severn river at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire in 1779.

Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation Essays

Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation Essays Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation Paper Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation Paper Magma Design Automation is a fast-growing provider of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software and design services. The company was founded in 1997 on the concept of combining logic design and physical design into a single system to better address emerging deep sub-micron design challenges. MDA is headquartered in Silicon Valley and has a global network of sales support personnel. Magma markets and supports its products through sales and support centers in North America, Europe, Japan, India and Asia-Pacific nations. Magma has grown substantially over the years to achieve sales of over $75 million in 2003. Magmas mission To create and deliver the best EDA software products and solutions, encompassing IC design from concept to completion, enabling our customers commercial success. Magmas Products Magma Design Automation provides electronic design automation (EDA) software that enables chip designers to meet critical time-to-market objectives, improve chip performance and handle multimillion-gate designs. Key products include Blast Create(tm), Blast Plan(tm), Blast Fusion(r) and Blast Noise(r). Magma software products comprise the only truly integrated RTL-to-GDSII design flow. Magmas Customers Magma licenses its design automation software to semiconductor manufacturers and electronic products companies around the world. Among them: Broadcom, Infineon, NEC, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and Vitesse. Need to expand operations ASIC/VLSI development business was rapidly shifting its base from US to India in the later half of 90s. As they form the main customers of Magma, it also needed to follow the change. The main reasons for the start of the Indian operations are: 1. Close proximity to the clients: Magma caters to the multinational companies like Texas Instruments etc, globally. So to support these operations they also have to start their operation in India. 2. High quality manpower and low cost: The availability of the pool of talented engineers in India at low cost was also a reason for the shift. 3. Faster Response Time: Being present locally will also provide the faster response time for the maintenance and support. With these considerations in mind, the company opened its first Indian office at Bangalore in May 2003 with an initial work force of 25 people. The operative goals of the Indian operations are: 1. To upgrade its Indian operations so that it can cater to the Asia-pacific market and Japan, and at a later stage to European market as well. 2. To be amongst the top 3 EDA providers in India. 3. To provide new product development via its RD department for global operations so as to move up in the value hierarchy. Magma India is a part of a Global Matrix structure. The matrix structure helps the company to coordinate between the Indian operation and the parent company in both the product development as well as business development in whole of the globe. The company has three major departments viz. RD, Product Engineering and Field Application Engineering, along with support departments of Finance, Human Resource Development, Information Technology and Marketing. The company has a dual reporting structure with the team in India working alongside the team in the different regions on the same product. Various divisions in different operations Organization structure of Magma design automation Work flows in Magma with the use of cross-functional teams, chosen on geographical and divisional basis as required by the project. The criterion for choosing the group leader is technical expertise. The employees then work on this temporary team till the project is completed. The employees keep moving from one project to another in this fashion in the same division. Each employee thus has a dual reporting structure. He reports to his project lead, in most cases in U.S., as well as the divisional head in India. The organization structure and design of Magma is mainly determined by five factors Organization Strategy and Goals External environment Organization life cycle and size Organizational Culture Technology Magma India follows a differentiation strategy for interacting with its competitive environment and in order to achieve organizational goals. The company attempts to distinguish its products from others in the EDA industry. The products of Magma India are differentiated on the basis of technology, architecture and the features offered by them. The EDA tools offered by Magma are of high quality and they are priced high. Magma is committed to differentiate its products from others in the industry and for this it invests heavily in RD, product research and has got tie ups with other companies to market its products. In order to differentiate its products and to keep a competitive edge, Magma has got a strong RD division. Magma has got a strong customer focus and its FAE department continuously interacts with customers. IT also sends its RD people to customer sites and forms cross-functional teams, if there is such a requirement, at the customer site. Thus, Magma India wants to have the structure and culture of a learning organization and rewards its employees for creativity and innovation. The organizations ability to be flexible is constrained by its divisional architecture. This can be a severe problem as Magma India grows in size. To overcome the disadvantages of the divisional structure in the long term, it should establish strong formal horizontal linkages between divisions. This will increase coordination and add flexibility to the organization. The sector in which Magma India is operating is highly dynamic with lots of activity going on. On one hand small companies are coming fast to fill the niche whereas the old companies are consolidating to retain their matte. Also the environment becomes highly unstable due to the extensive dependence of this sector on the emerging technology. Its main competitors are Cadence, Synopsis, and Mentor Graphics etc. The requirements of the customer are also changing i.e. change of the design due to advent of nanometer technology. There are only a few number of external complexities that means only few external elements are relevant to the company. For Magma, these are changes in technology and clients. Therefore the company is in simple environmental complexity and unstable environmental change. Therefore company shares a moderate to high uncertainty.

European Cultural Adoption of the Cherokee Indians Essay

European Cultural Adoption of the Cherokee Indians - Essay Example One of the most talked about and studied groups of Native Americans are the Cherokee Indians, a group of native occupants of the American continent. Historians believe that the Cherokee Indians occupied the southeast part of America ling before the forces of civilization and the American colonization took center stage. â€Å"Cherokee lands covered parts of Tennessee, North Carolina, south Carolina, Virginia, west Virginia, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas.† The tribe was one of the strongest tribes in the American continent and had significant influence during the 14th and 15th century. They existed in smaller groups and sub-tribes ruled by chiefs and kings and other religious leaders who had significant influence on this group of people. â€Å"The various Cherokee villages formed a confederacy. There were two chiefs per village a red (or war) chief and a white chief (most beloved man or woman) who was associated with civil, economic, religious, and judicial functions . Chiefs would be male or female and there was little or no hereditary component† The history of the Cherokee Indians is highly complex and is characterized by episodes of resistance, war conflicts and revolutions that rocked the American continent. Thirteen colonies of North America decided to break from British rule. To register their displeasure towards the new occupants of the American continent who were now fighting against the British, the Indian Cherokees fought from the British side against the Americans. â€Å"Cherokee support towards the British during the American Revolutionary war (1755-1783 brought retaliatory attacks from southern states militia†5 During this time and prior times, the interaction of the Indian Cherokees with the British and other foreign occupants of the country flourished; the tribe experienced a major tribal revolution that resulted into adoption of new cultural and significant cultural assimilation and integration. â€Å"After the Amer ican Revolution, the Cherokee adapted British style farming, cattle ranching, business relation, and government becoming cohesive and prosperous†6 In the paper, the cultural assimilation and adoption that occurred during the 17th and 18th century among the Cherokee Indians will be highlighted. It will thus seek to provide a description of the events that characterized the cultural changes and integration during this period. The adoption of foreign and new cultures significantly affected the lifestyle of the Cherokee Americans that resulted into assimilation and the loss of the prior cultural identity that the tribe enjoyed. The first documented history of the contact between the Cherokee Indians and the Europeans was around 1540. â€Å"The Cherokee encountered Hernando De Soto around 1540, probably not long before they arrived in their historic homeland†¦

Evaluate the Strengths and Weakness of the Union and Confederacy Essay

Evaluate the Strengths and Weakness of the Union and Confederacy - Essay Example The war lasted from 1861 to May 1865 and was prompted by the attack of the union navy by confederacy at fort Sumter, South Carolina (Gallagher, 2001). The main goal of the war for the union which comprised 23 states was to maintain the union while the south comprising of 11 confederates was fighting for independence. The paper will discuss the causes of the civil war, the strengths and weaknesses of the union and the confederacy as well as how the north, south and west contributed to the outcome of the war. Kelly (2011) argues that the main cause of the war was the economic and social differences that existed between the north and the south. The north had many material resources and was industrialized while the south depended on agriculture especially cotton plantations. The north had many factories and industries and processed the cotton from the south. As a result of industrialization, the whites and the African Americans in the north interacted socially and the republicans advocat ed for free labor and democracy and this angered the south (Engle, 2001). Slavery was another issue that led to the war. The institution of slavery was viewed as degradation to the value of free of labor by the north. For the south, slavery was inevitable as it provided the much needed cheap labor in the cotton plantations. ... ugh and Muntone (2009), the election of Abraham Lincoln as the president of United States was the height of dissent by the south as he was a proponent of the black rights. Furthermore, the Republican Party was opposed to the extension of slavery to the west hence his election was seen as a threat to slavery by the south thus the secession. The south also felt its rights were being infringed. The union vowed to bring back the states which had seceded and the confederacy on the other hand, vowed to fight for its independence. The north had many advantages over the south at the beginning of the war. It had a population more than twice that of the confederacy. Gallagher (2001, p. 22) observes that the north had a population of 31, 500,000 people in 23 states while the south had a population of 9,100,000 people in 11 confederate states which included 3,500,000 slaves and 130,000 free black people. Since the slaves and the free blacks were opposed to slavery, they were unlikely to help in the fighting. The north thus had a pool of men where it could get replacements, reinforcements and people to engage in noncombat jobs in the industries. Moreover, it had the support of the Border States as well as the free black men from the confederate states. The north also had an advantage in terms of economic strength. According to Farabaugh and Munte (2009, p. 163), the north owned 80% of material resources, factories and industries. It also had four times cash on deposit in the banks than the south hence it could easily obtain the materials needed for the war. The north also had a railroad mileage of 22, 000 compared to 9,000 in the south. Moreover, the northern roads were modern and better maintained. It also had a navy and was in control of the seas thus blocking the ports would

Management of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Management of Change - Essay Example Even though change is necessary for organization to achieve set targets employees do not necessarily embrace these changes, as they want to stick to the workplace rituals and habits developed over a period. Considering that change within the organization must be reflected in the values, norms and habits of human resource within the organization, this report presents the recent change in my own organization called Yadlink Solutions Company. For the purpose of this report, I will use an organization Yadlink Solutions as the main reference in the case study. Yadlink Solutions is a company that operates print newspaper businesses and an online business directory services in United Arab Emirates. The operations of the organization are made possible through the establishment of sales branches in various locations around the UAE with employees being over 1000. The organization was in 2007 to provide a range of services to its customers especially in the age of information technology development where services such as online news and magazine for a search engine, email services, maps, news, stock market updates, and coffee shop services, update on traffic, real estate contents, weather forecasts and web-based recruitment. These services have been offered based on the organization’s strategic positioning to take advantage of the continued shift in information consumption with many people choosing digital forms of source s of information instead of printed newspapers and magazines. Therefore, it became necessary that businesses in the area of mass communicating move from reliance on sales generated from print media to embracing the digital age. The change in Yadlink was necessitated by the need to introduce a culture, values and structure that have been aligned to meet the strategic growth goals that would further improve the market share

The Development of American Colonies Essay Example for Free

The Development of American Colonies Essay Since the discovery of the New World by European powers, the newly established European settlements on American soil varied from region to region. Two such regions were The Chesapeake and The New England regions. Although both were settled vastly by the English people the societies they formed were different. These differences were due to a few factors. The factors include motivation for migration, geography, social, political and economical structures of the settlements. These factors are what contributed to the variations seen in the societies formed by settlers of distinct regions. In the 1600s life in Great Britain was no too pleasant for certain groups of people. The farming population of England was pushed off their land by landlords who began enclosing areas for pasture of animals such as sheep needed to maintain the increasing woolen industry of England. The landless farmers swarmed into cities such as London and Bristol. The cities became overpopulated and unemployment rates soared. People were desperate for jobs. In the 1600s a system called primogeniture was practiced in England. The system ensured that all inheritance went to the oldest son in the family. Younger sons of aristocratic families were left without inheritance where eager to find prosperity of their own. Such people looking for profit decided to try their luck in the New World. The motivation of these people was mostly personal profit. For those of elite origin escaping primogeniture was also a motivation. Another motive which stimulated these courageous people was finding a better route to the Indies which a few competing European powers were also seeking. The leadership was provided by a popular monarch Queen Elizabeth, and the financing by Virginia Joint Stock Company. In 1607 a group of Englishmen set out and settled James Town which became a colony in the Chesapeake region. The first band of settlers was all males, although later shipments of people did include a small fraction of women. This trend could be seen in Document C which contains a list of passengers headed for Virginia in 1635.The passage to the New World was rough and people died in its pursuit. The geography in the Chesapeake region was different from that in England. The hot climate provided for diseases such as malaria to which the English people were not immune. These diseases  killed off many of the colonists. The soil was fertile; the woods full of game and fish was present in the ocean. Yet many of the emigrating men were gentlemen who were not accustomed to work and therefore did not know how to take advantage of these resources. Other colonists spent time searching for gold instead of focusing on survival and the starving time came into being. The colonists died in large numbers of malnutrition and starvation and disease. The colony survived due to the leadership provided by Capitan John Smith. His theory of Those who shall not work shall not eat caused some discipline within the men. As stated in Document F by Captain John Smith the colonists faced hard times. They died of cold and hunger. Captain Smith explained in the document that getting colonists to work was troublesome. Those who hunted gold got others involved and the men wasted time instead of gathering food. Capitan Smith realizing such starvation sent out a ship to summon supplies for the next year. The two councilor that were present in the colony to maintain law and order made friends with the sailors and wanted to sail back to England thus causing Smith trouble to prevent such from happening. Such unruly colonists owed a large part of their survival to Capitan Smith. He made relation with the local Indians and their leader Powhatans aided the colonists in obtaining food. When another shipment of people arrived amongst them was leader Lord de la Warr. He held a harsh military rule and made trouble with the local Indians whom the colonists raided for food. A war was started yet peace came to be when colonists by the name of John Rolfe married the Powhatan princess named Pocahontas. The economy of the colonies improved when John Rolfe perfected tobacco growing. Tobacco was a profitable crop yet it required labor and vast areas of land to grow it upon. Tobacco exhausted soil and the English were forced to press upon Indian Territory to find more land for Tobacco growing. These actions caused Indians to rebel. Another series of Anglo- Powhatans wars was launched and a large number of colonists killed including John Rolfe.  Yet the English won and the peace settlement required the Indians to be uprooted and moved away form the white settlements. These were the origins of reservation systems which later came into being. Tobacco being a profitable crop, plantation system was developed for its growth. Such plantations required labor and the use of the Headright came into being. The system included the use of people called indentured servants. Indentured servants singed contracts and volunteered their labor as slaves for a set number of years in return for passage fair to the New World provided by their master. They were further promised their freedom dues which included a small piece of land, clothing, and a few barrels of corn upon the termination of their indenture. The indentured servants were promised much yet the promises were not always kept. The land they were given was on Indian Territory and caused Indian attacks. Further the land was second rate and not much crops could be grown on such land. The indentures thus faced poverty at the end of their indenture. These conditions caused the indentures to rebel. Bacons rebellion occurred in 1653 and consisted of angry indentures rebelling against the rich land owners who were backed by Governor Berkley or the area. Ideas of the rebellion are vividly described in Document H which explains how wealth was unjustly and unevenly distributed among the landowning population leaving the others including freed indentures to poverty. Another colony in the Chesapeake region was Maryland founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics. The economy of the colony also largely depended on the growth and exportation of tobacco and thus also needed labor The Chesapeake region which had connections to the Caribbean saw the black slavery that occurred there and adopted it for the work on plantation. African servants were easier to maintain and control with the use of the Adopted Barbados slave codes. Virginia colony set up a form of government called the House of Burgesses which was a small parliament which governed the colony. Yet the southern colonies were surrounded by enemies of other nations such as the Dutch and  the Spanish in Florida. Government was not always able to defend the colony form such invaders. As Stated in Document G where Governor Berkley explained the colonial inability to defend itself form the Dutch which whom they were forced to share the continent. These attacks of foreigners had to be curbed and controlled by Virginias government. Societies were hard to form in the Chesapeake colonies. The areas were spread out and the establishment of schools and churches was difficult. There was still a shortage of females present in the region. Thus a large number of men could not find a wife and start a family. The few unstable families reproduced slowly compared with the New England Colonies. High mortality rate of men enabled women to have power and inherit their husbands property to support themselves and their children upon becoming a widow. Such were the factors that formed the societies in the Chesapeake colonies. English puritan separatist who believed the Anglican Church was corrupt suffered much prejudice for their religious beliefs. They moved to Holland where they became increasingly aware of the Dutchification of their children, their loss of English language and customs and adoption of Dutch culture. These people wanted a place where they could freely practice their religion while remaining fully English in speech and culture and traditions. Puritans secured a charter form the Virginia Joint Stock company and were supposed to land in James town, yet they sailed off coast and landed in Plymouth. The motivation of these people included mostly religious purposes and the worry of the Dutchification of their children. They thus came in families to settle and stay. These puritans strongly believed in hard work and survival. Only one person died on their passage over. As the list of passengers bound for New England is examined in Document B a trend of women men and children coming as families could be seen. Among the religious motives of the Puritans was the idea of building a perfect holy society that would be an example to all others. Jonathan Winthrop, the founder of the Massachusetts Bay colony. Expressed his desire to build a holy city on a hill blessed by god in Document A. Geography was another factor which influenced the development of the  colonies. New England soil was rocky therefore the families did small subsistence farming in contrast to the export economy sustained in the south. The New England region had access to the ocean therefore fishing and whaling was pursued. The woody region contributed to, much of the lumber used in shipbuilding. The local Indians of the region seemed to be previously wiped out by an epidemic leaving shelters and cleared fields for European settlements. The Wampanoag tribe in the settlement helped the puritans survive by introducing corn and other to them. The colony thus celebrated their first Thanksgiving Day with the Harvest brought about in the fall. The Governmental structure of the colonies was set up before the puritans left the ship to settle New England. The Mayflower Compact was drawn on the ship and was an agreement signed by the male passengers to form a self governing body ruled by majority in the settlements which they were about to established. As could be seen in Document D the Mayflower compact was the first form of the colonies agreement toward the common goal of survival. The government later set up in the colonies was a theocracy. The church was supported by a state tax yet the clergy officials were not able to hold office. Town meetings were administered in which decisions were made by a vote of majority. An assembly called the General Court was elected by free adult puritan males. The General Court made the decisions such as tax and wage regulations in the colonies. In Document E could be examined to see how the General Court assembly controlled prices and wages. Document E is a good example how theocratic even the General Court was often referring to god to prove their point or justify a cause. Outcasts were removed by the government such as minister Roger Williams. Roger Williams was and extreme puritan separatist believed that the puritan church established in the new world further needed reform. He thought that He believed that the Indians of the region were mistreated and deserved better land. Roger Williams was expelled from Massachusetts Bay colony and went further to est. the Rhode Island colony which offered complete religious freedom, no tax supported church and sheltered outcasts such as Anne Hutchinson. Anne Hutchinson also went to defy the puritan theology  claiming that there was no predestination a belief cherished by the puritans. She was exiled and sent to the Rhode Island colony. The economy of the colonies rested largely upon shipbuilding for the British army. Production of products such as tar and rosin were valued by the English navy and were paid well for. Bostons geographical location on a seaport made it a center of trade and commerce, which was a profitable position. Colonies like Rhode Island which often half slave auctions profited from such occurrences. Fishing and export of codfish also sustained the economics of the colonies. Finally the social structure of the New England colonies was different from the southern Chesapeake colonies. The New Englanders formed towns and communities. Education was important many of the colonists had to be literate in order to read the bible. Institutions such as Harvard University were established to train young men for clergy. The families in New England were stable and fertile. They reproduced well and the population grew. As the population grew other colonies such as Connecticut Valley and New Haven colonies were added to the New England region. These colonies were similar expect for Rhode Island colony and later established Quaker Pennsylvania. The Massachusetts colonies even formed a confederation called the New England Confederation with the Connecticut colonies whose purpose was to protect the colonies and was ruled by a voting majority of representatives. In conclusion the variations in geographical, economical, social, political, and motivational factors contributed to the diverse societies formed by people of common English origin. These factors affected the largely the mentality and the way of life of the people residing in these New England and the Chesapeake regions. The differences in the aspects of society mentioned above are what gave the colonies of different regions their distinct characteristics. Bibliography: Bailey, Thomas, and David Kennedy. The American Pageant. 10th. Lexington Massachusetts: D.C. Health and company, 1994.

Art. 121 of the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea

Art. 121 of the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea Discuss the interpretation of Art. 121 of the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea after the decision in PCA-Case N ° 2013-19, Philippines vs China. Are there general conclusions to be drawn which can assist in other similar disputes around the world? Siderakos Panourgias Introduction On the 22nd of January 2013, the Republic of Philippines commenced, under Annex VII to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), an arbitration procedure against the Peoples Republic of China. The dispute concerned the South China Sea and is mainly known as the South China Sea Arbitration (PCA case number 2013-19). The arbitration was made before the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). The Republic of Philippines claimed the violation of the UNCLOS Convention as long as historic rights, the source of maritime entitlements, the status of certain maritime features in the South China Sea were concerned and also doubted the lawfulness of specific actions by the Republic of China in the specific area. In particular, Chinas rights were disputed over specific islands (island formations within the nine-dash line). However, China denied to accept the arbitration and did not participate in the whole procedure as it did not recognize the jurisdiction of the PCA in the spec ific case. Area of Interest The South China Sea is a sea in the west Pacific Ocean and covers an approximate area of 3.5 million km ². From north, it is surrounded by the mainland of China, Taiwan and Vietnam, from west there is Philippines, Malaysia and Sumatra and from south there is Borneo. Within this sea there are island and reef formations, from which the most important are the Paracel Islands, the Spratly Islands, Pratas, the Natuna Islands and Scarborough Shoal (fig. 1). The wider area of the South China Sea is very unique and interesting because annually, approximately one third of the global maritime traffic goes through these waters. The fishing stocks of the area are massive. Moreover, Japan and South Korea rely mainly on the South China Sea for their fuel and material supply and their trading, too. It is also believed by scientists that underneath the seabed, it contains huge reserves of natural gas and oil. In addition, the South China Sea is the area which contains highly considerable, ree f ecosystems of high biodiversity importance. All the factors mentioned above have obviously transformed the South China Sea into a very conflicting area with essential, economic and geostrategic benefits for decades now. Main Historical Background The general dispute over the South China Sea has begun many years ago, from the decade of 1940s after the WWII. More specific, in 1947 the Republic of China (Taiwan) published a map of the South China Sea with an eleven-dash line area, which included many island formations that claimed to be under its sovereignty. Two of the dashes at the Gulf of Tonkin were later removed in 1949, when the Communist Party of China took over the mainland of China, forming the famous nine-dash line area in the South China Sea (Wu Shicun, 2013). In 1951, Japan renounced all claims to the Spartly Islands of the Republic of China (Taiwan). As a result, the Chinese government proceeded to a specific declaration, reestablishing Chinas sovereignty over the wider area of the South China Sea, including the Spratly Islands. The Philippines, from their side, based their claim for the sovereignty over the Spartly Islands to the geographical proximity. Over the years, many events escalated the dispute. One of these was in 1956 when the President of the Philippines, Tomas Cloma and a group of his people, settled on the islands, even stole the national flag of China from the Taiping Island, and declared the islands as a protectorate of the Philippines with the name of Freedomland. A couple of months later he returned Chinas flag to the Chinese embassy in Manila and wrote a letter apologizing and claiming that he would not proceed to any similar actions in the future. In the 1970s, some countries began to invade and occupy islands and reefs in the Spratly Islands. The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) from its side claimed that it was entitled to the Paracel and Spratly Islands because they were seen as integral parts of the Ming dynasty. The Republic of China (Taiwan) took control of the Taiping Island (the largest one in the island formation) since 1946. Vietnam claimed that the islands have belonged to it since the 17th century, using historical documents of ownership as evidence. Hanoi began to occupy the westernmost islands during this period. In the early 1970s, Malaysia joined the dispute by claiming the islands nearest to it. Brunei also extended its exclusive economic zone and claimed Louisa Reef. Discussion The dispute, as mentioned in the introduction, begun in 2013 when Philippines started a tribunal arbitration with the PRC, complaining about the legality of specific actions in the South China Sea, the legal basis of maritime rights and entitlements in the specific region and the status of certain geographic features. The basis, on which this arbitration and all its results must stand, is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Philippines accused PRC that the historical rights over the Spratly Islands had no serious evidence, it was responsible for artificial-constructed islands that ruined the natural environment and also for the over-exploitation of the South China Sea from Chinese fishermen under its permission and tolerance. UNCLOS The UNCLOS is a convention that was signed in 1982. Both the Philippines and the PRC are members of it, having it ratified in May 1984 and June 1996, respectively. The most basic and essential aim of this Convention was the desire of the States Parties to settle, in a spirit of mutual understanding and cooperation, all issues relating to the law of the sea and aware of the historic significance of this Convention as an important contribution to the maintenance of peace, justice and progress for all peoples of the world (UNCLOS). The Convention was ratified by the number of 168 States. In its articles, a very wide range of issues are being analyzed. A small listing of them includes territorial and internal waters, transit and innocent passage of ships, to Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Continental Shelf and sovereignty on resources. More specifically, it provides the coastal States the framework in order to establish the zones and their limits, in which they exercise their national jurisdiction. Moreover, in the Convention, a specific organization is authorized in order to resolve peacefully any dispute that will arise between States in the future. This organization is the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). The PCA was the organization that Philippines asked for its tribunal arbitration in the case of the South China Sea, using the Annex VII of the Convention. The most relevant, with our case, zones are the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the Continental Shelf, the High Seas and the Area. However, the PCA was not responsible and of course could not address the sovereignty over land territories, in particular over the Spratly Islands or the Scarborough Shoal. A matter that was clearly stated in the South China Sea Arbitration Award of 12 July 2016. Article 121 Interpretation In this report, the article that has more importance is the article 121. According to the UNCLOS, the article 121 states that: 1. An island is a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water at high tide. 2. Except as provided for in paragraph 3, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf of an island are determined in accordance with the provisions of this Convention applicable to other land territory. 3. Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf. The three paragraphs of the article 121 mentioned exactly as in the Convention above, play a major role in the arrangement of the jurisdictions and sovereignties all over the world, as long as there are waters and islands in them. Firstly, paragraph 1 states with great clearance the definition of the island. A naturally formed area of land, surrounded by waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ automatically excludes everything that is artificially created. No artificial-constructed islands can be considered as natural. As a result, artificial islands cannot have any maritime zones around them (contiguous zone, EEZ, continental shelf etc.). The only zone that they can legally have is a safety zone that cannot extend to more than 500 meters from its outer edges. The purposes of this safety zone are completely for maritime safety reasons. Moreover, if an artificial island can be officially proved to be a maritime danger according to the international maritime safety standards due to abandoning or misuse, it will be completely removed on its whole. (unclos article 60) Secondly, in paragraph 2 it is clearly stated that natural-formed islands have all the legal maritime zones around them as all other land territories do. A very strong statement, that designates many rights but also obligations to the sovereign State as long as the maritime zones are concerned and all their characteristics. Thirdly, paragraph 3 gives the most important statement from the whole article. That is that any small island (rock) with no human habitation or economic life can have no EEZ. A statement that is both clear and logical, because having a small island with an oil platform, a casino or a military base on it, does not automatically make it a real island with an Exclusive Economic Zone. The human habitation could not be supported by its own powers and the economic life cannot be developed on a social basis. If a fact like this could be legal, that would extend the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the owning State 200 nautical miles even further into the ocean, interfering with other coastal States rights and jurisdictions. Chinas interpretation over Article 121 It was inevitable that Chinas interpretation over the article 121 would raise many objections from its side. The most important matter for China, that it referred to many times officially, was the Japanese Oki-no-Tori-shima rock. Oki-no-Tori-shima is an atoll, located in the western Pacific Ocean between Okinawa and the Northern Mariana Islands, of which only two small portions naturally protrude above water at high tide.(Award) Under that definition, and following directly the directions of the Article 121 (3), China denied the existence of continental shelf of the Oki-no-Tori-shima rock as it cannot sustain human habitation or economic life on its own. A rock that is currently under Japanese sovereignty and jurisdiction. A general acceptance of the non-existence of the continental shelf of the current rock, would automatically reduce the Japanese rights in the specific area by two hundred nautical miles. A huge area with many benefits, both social and economic, as it affects both the local life of people fishing in this area but also the exploitation of possible deposits in the seabed. A possibility, supported by many scientists and theories, which could easily bring in enormous amounts of profits to the owning State. Furthermore, China claims sovereignty both on the Spratly Islands and the Scarborough Shoal. Its actions imply that China considers Scarborough Shoal (Huangyan Dao in Chinese) as a fully entitled island, naturally formed and with all the following maritime zones around it. Such actions (e.g. the banning of fishing north of 12 ° North latitude and the objection in petroleum surveys and concessions in the area) specifically signifies Chinas thoughts and considerations over the Scarborough Island in the wider area and its rights and jurisdictions on it. Tribunals decisions The CPA reached adjudication, mainly rejecting any claims of China in the South China Sea by historic title. Furthermore, in accordance to Article 121, the CPA did not recognize the Mischief Reef and Second Thomas Shoal as naturally formed islands. Therefore, these low-tide elevations cannot generate maritime zones around them. Also, it declared that Subi Reef, Gaven Reef (South), Hughes Reef, Scarborough Shoal, Gaven Reef (North), McKennan Reef, Johnson Reef, Cuarteron Reef, and Fiery Cross Reef are not islands that can sustain human habitation or economic life, so they do not have the right of any maritime zone. Finally, it declared that the Mischief Reef and Second Thomas Shoal are within the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Philippines. In general, as seen above, the CPA did not recognize any sovereign rights or jurisdictions of China related to the nine-dash line area, claiming that this area is completely contrary to the UNCLOS and has no legality. It also stated the breach of Chinas obligations amongst environmental protection of the area and its biodiversity, and also illegal prevention of traditional fishing in the area from the fishermen of the State of Philippines. Similar disputes around the world As described above, from the dispute of the South China Sea between the PRC and the Philippines many general conclusions were made. These conclusions can be easily used in similar disputes around the world, however proper attention must be paid as each situation has its own unique parameters. Such areas are many; two of the most famous are the Aegean Sea and the Caribbean Sea. In the Aegean Sea, Greece and Turkey have disputes that have started many decades before. These disputes include sovereign rights and jurisdictions over islands in the Aegean and the right of Search And Rescue (SAR) operations in its waters. In the Caribbean Sea there is a dispute along the neighboring States about the environmental protection of the area and the general maritime safety. Firstly, the main conclusion from the South China Sea that is very useful to concentrate on is the fact that an adjudication from which one of the two States does not take part in, is considered to be non applicable. From the moment that China does not recognize the award of the PCA and its jurisdiction, no real facts and results can be expected in the region rather than a continuous conflict with unexpected incidents or accidents. So, almost in every similar case around the world, it is almost for sure that there will never be a unanimous agreement from all the sides of the dispute in order to reach a peaceful and cooperative agreement. For example, in the Aegean Sea, Turkey has been claiming (mainly under the presidency of Recep Tayyip ErdoÄÅ ¸an) that many islands are Turkish. The Greek government obviously does not accept that, referring to the UNCLOS and the Treaty of Lausanne, claiming that all Turkeys claims are illegal. As a result, Turkey has never accepted to discuss o ver the conventions and treaties mentioned above, as it serves its own aims and rights in the region of the Aegean Sea. Secondly, another main conclusion is the fact that no artificial islands can be considered to be natural. Therefore, they cannot have any maritime zones around them. This forbids the right to any State that builds an artificial island to claim any jurisdiction or sovereign right around the waters of the island, which could possibly collide to another neighboring States continental shelf from its mainland or a natural island with human habitation and developed economic life on it. Finally, the existence of a rock just emerging over the surface of the sea does not constitute a land, capable of having continental shelf or exclusive economic zone. A conclusion that can be very useful in many disputes around the world and could force many States to reconsider their continental shelves and EEZs. Conclusion In conclusion, the case of the Philippines against the Peoples Republic of China over the South China Sea is very interesting and its award and conclusions are very useful for the whole world and the society of the international maritime law. The articles of the UNCLOS Convention were strictly followed by the CPA, reestablishing Philippines rights and jurisdictions on specific regions of the wider area. Moreover, it recognized the illegal actions of China in the area, concerning the protection of the marine environment and the actions against the fishermen of other neighboring States. Although these conclusions can be used for the interpretation and analysis of other similar cases and disputes around the world (e.g. the Aegean Sea, the Caribbean Sea), many other factors must be taken into consideration for the final outcome. Factors such as the general geographic status of the area, the already signed Conventions or Treaties of the conflicting States and the geostrategic importance o f the area, can completely alter the final outcome of the dispute. In addition, special organizations must be formed in order to resolve similar disputes. Organizations that will be globally accepted, with representatives from all the binding States. It must never be forgotten that a dispute over an area with great profits and benefits, can easily end up in a combat clash with many casualties from both sides. An undesirable outcome that does not promote peace in the world between States, one of the most fundamental principles of the UNCLOS. Figure 1: Map of the South China Sea, including the nine-dash line area      Ã‚